{"id":19,"date":"2015-03-09T14:29:25","date_gmt":"2015-03-09T14:29:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ozananitulescu.ro\/blog\/?p=19"},"modified":"2020-02-13T17:05:14","modified_gmt":"2020-02-13T15:05:14","slug":"empatia-o-capacitate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ozanamiron.ro\/blog\/empatia-o-capacitate\/","title":{"rendered":"Empatia – ceva ce cu to\u021bii putem face"},"content":{"rendered":"

Am scris p\u00e2n\u0103 acum despre importan\u0163a pe care o au cuvintele<\/a>, \u015fi articolele au fost – de\u015fi interesante – destul de lungi \u015fi stufoase. Mi-am zis c\u0103 este timpul pentru o schimbare de perspectiv\u0103 \u015fi m\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2sem ca urm\u0103torul articol \u2013 acesta \u2013 s\u0103 fie despre Batman! Dar cum pot s\u0103 scriu despre \u201eCavalerul \u00eentunecat\u201d din perspectiv\u0103 rogersian\u0103 (centrat\u0103 pe persoan\u0103 \u2013 sunt cam acela\u015fi lucru, \u015fi denumirea vine de la \u00eentemeietorul acestei forme de terapie, Carl Rogers) f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 aduc vorba despre self-conceptul lui, sau despre tendin\u0163a lui la actualizare (ca s\u0103 dau doar dou\u0103 exemple)? Oric\u00e2t a\u015f vrea eu s\u0103 scriu despre personaje din benzi desenate \u015fi din alte medii artistice, trebuie mai \u00eent\u00e2i s\u0103 merg p\u00e2n\u0103 la cap\u0103t cu definirea termenilor \u015fi s\u0103 explic \u2013 pe scurt \u2013 conceptele de baz\u0103 ale abord\u0103rii centrate pe persoan\u0103. Acesta este primul dintr-o serie de articole cu acest scop: de a stabili o baz\u0103 de \u00een\u0163elegere comun\u0103, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd voi folosi un concept anume, s\u0103 \u015fti\u0163i exact la ce m\u0103 refer.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Am ales s\u0103 sparg ghea\u0163a cu un concept destul de cunoscut \u015fi des folosit: \u201eempatie\u201d (\u015fi derivatele lui, \u201ea empatiza\u201d \u015fi \u201eempatic\u201d). \u00cen ciuda popularit\u0103\u021bii lui, cuv\u00e2ntul poate fi \u00een\u021beles din mai multe perspective, \u0219i – din p\u0103cate – este uneori folosit \u00een mod eronat. A\u015fa c\u0103 \u00eentrebarea \u201ece este empatia?\u201d nu este una care prime\u015fte cu u\u015furin\u0163\u0103 un r\u0103spuns, acceptat de toat\u0103 lumea. Tocmai pentru c\u0103 sunt de fapt foarte multe de spus despre empatie, am ales s\u0103 \u00eempart acest articol \u00een trei p\u0103r\u021bi (varianta ini\u021bial\u0103 se m\u00e2ndrea cu patru pagini \u00een Word, muult prea mult pentru acest blog). Prima parte (aceasta) va privi empatia ca o capacitate – ceva ce oamenii pot face pentru c\u0103 este \u00een natura lor s\u0103 fac\u0103; a doua parte va prezenta empatia din perspectiva specific\u0103 a psihoterapiei centrate pe persoan\u0103; \u00een fine, cea de-a treia parte va compara empatia (\u00een \u00een\u021belegerea ei rogersian\u0103) cu simpatia, mila \u0219i identificarea – concepte cu sens relativ apropiat \u0219i cu care poate fi uneori confundat\u0103. La sf\u00e2r\u0219it, chiar dac\u0103 nu ve\u021bi fi aflat lucruri noi, sper ca ele s\u0103 fie m\u0103car un pic mai clare, sau cel pu\u021bin s\u0103 v\u0103 aduc\u0103 aminte despre c\u00e2te lucruri minunate putem face datorit\u0103 empatiei.<\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, ce este empatia? Probabil c\u0103 cea mai la \u00eendem\u00e2n\u0103 explica\u0163ie a termenului ar fi c\u0103 empatia \u00eenseamn\u0103 s\u0103 te pui \u00een pielea altcuiva \u2013 s\u0103-i \u00een\u0163elegi contextul, situa\u0163ia de via\u0163\u0103, tr\u0103irile \u015f.a.m.d. ca \u015fi cum ai fi tu \u00een locul s\u0103u. Dintr-o anumit\u0103 perspectiv\u0103, empatia este ceva ce putem face \u2013 o capacitate. Dic\u021bionarul enciclopedic de psihologie al Universit\u0103\u021bii din Bucure\u0219ti din anul 1979 ne spune c\u0103 empatia este \u201eo modalitate de cunoa\u0219tere \u0219i \u00een\u021belegere a altora. […] \u00centr-o accep\u021bie mai larg\u0103 empatia este capacitatea oamenilor de a \u00een\u021belege tr\u0103irile altora (M. Ralea) \u0219i de a anticipa \u0219i prevede comportamentul altora \u00een situa\u021bii date pe baza acestei capacit\u0103\u021bi (V. Pavelcu).\u201d (Volumul A-F, paginile 457-458)<\/p>\n

Cu siguran\u0163\u0103, cu to\u0163ii (sau aproape) putem face acest lucru, cu to\u021bii suntem empatici, \u00een diferite grade. \u00cen general, ne putem da cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 seama c\u00e2nd cineva este bucuros sau nervos, c\u00e2nd este trist sau speriat. Recunoa\u0219tem emo\u021biile celorlal\u021bi \u0219i putem deduce motivele care le-au cauzat, dac\u0103 afl\u0103m c\u00e2teva informa\u021bii \u00een plus. De multe ori, recunoa\u0219terea aceasta se face prin intermediul limbajului non-verbal \u0219i al celui para-verbal – adic\u0103 prin mimic\u0103, gestic\u0103, postura corpului, \u0219i prin tonul, intensitatea \u0219i ritmul vocii (etc.) – \u0219i este de multe ori incon\u0219tient\u0103: o facem f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 ne d\u0103m neap\u0103rat seama cum, \u0219i de cele mai multe ori f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 ne propunem.<\/p>\n

Una dintre explica\u021biile pe care le-am \u00eent\u00e2lnit cel mai des pentru empatie este c\u0103 putem \u00een\u021belege prin ce trece un altul pentru c\u0103 \u0219i noi am trecut prin experien\u021be similare. Ei bine, acest lucru nu este deloc departe de adev\u0103r. La sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului trecut, o echip\u0103 de cercet\u0103tori de la Universitatea din Parma din Italia a descoperit un nou tip de neuroni \u2013 neuronii-oglind\u0103 \u2013 care au un rol important \u00een procesul de imita\u0163ie, dar care particip\u0103 cel mai probabil \u015fi la procesul empatiei. Practic, atunci c\u00e2nd observ\u0103m pe cineva f\u0103c\u00e2nd o ac\u0163iune, ace\u015fti neuroni-oglind\u0103 reac\u0163ioneaz\u0103 ca \u015fi cum noi \u00een\u015fine am face acea ac\u0163iune.<\/p>\n

Empatia este a\u0219adar ceva ce avem cu to\u021bii pentru c\u0103 suntem construi\u021bi la fel. Cum alegem s\u0103 folosim aceast\u0103 capacitate, \u00eens\u0103, poate s\u0103 difere foarte mult de la o persoan\u0103 la alta, de la o situa\u0163ie la alta. Ca s\u0103 dau un exemplu, s\u0103 ne \u00eenchipuim c\u0103 st\u0103m la o coad\u0103 \u015fi \u00een jurul nostru este foarte mult\u0103 lume \u00eenghesuit\u0103 \u00eentr-un spa\u0163iu mic. Oamenii sunt obosi\u0163i, plictisi\u0163i \u015fi irita\u0163i \u2013 ne putem da seama de lucrul acesta pentru c\u0103 suntem empatici. Dar putem alege s\u0103 le vorbim t\u0103ios \u0219i s\u0103 le repro\u0219\u0103m diverse lucruri (poate pentru c\u0103 \u0219i noi suntem irita\u021bi \u0219i ner\u0103bd\u0103tori), sau s\u0103 fim binevoitori \u015fi \u00een\u021beleg\u0103tori (poate pentru c\u0103 suntem bine dispu\u0219i). P\u00e2n\u0103 la urm\u0103, simplul fapt c\u0103 ne folosim empatia nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 suntem \u015fi de acord cu ceea ce cunoa\u0219tem \u00een acest fel!<\/p>\n

Fiind un mijloc de cunoa\u0219tere, ceva cu care suntem cu to\u021bii dota\u021bi, \u00een diverse grade, empatia este o capacitate care poate fi educat\u0103, perfec\u021bionat\u0103.\u00a0 A\u0219a cum auzul sau v\u0103zul pot fi dezvoltate, prin exerci\u021biu, perseveren\u021b\u0103 \u0219i aten\u021bie, s\u0103 perceap\u0103 mai multe sunete sau culori dec\u00e2t \u00een mod obi\u0219nuit, la fel \u0219i empatia poate deveni o modalitate foarte fin\u0103 de cunoa\u0219tere, care ne face capabili s\u0103 sesiz\u0103m \u0219i cele mai mici modific\u0103ri ale tr\u0103irilor celorlal\u021bi. Astfel, \u00een aceea\u0219i m\u0103sur\u0103 \u00een care auzul \u0219i v\u0103zul pot fi considerate instrumente pentru un muzician \u0219i pentru un pictor, la fel \u0219i empatia poate fi privit\u0103 drept un instrument pentru un psihoterapeut.<\/p>\n

A\u0219adar, data viitoare voi scrie despre ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 a fi empatic din perspectiva psihoterapiei centrate pe persoan\u0103! P\u00e2n\u0103 atunci, v\u0103 las cu o prezentare despre empatie<\/a> (\u00een limba englez\u0103) care mi-a pl\u0103cut foarte mult.<\/p>\n

P.S.: Am scris de mai multe ori \u00een articol c\u0103 empatia este ceva ce avem cu to\u021bii, dar de cele mai multe ori am avut o mic\u0103 rezerv\u0103 – am fost atent\u0103 s\u0103 scriu \u201eaproape\u201d, sau s\u0103 specific \u201e\u00een diferite grade\u201d. Motivul pentru aceast\u0103 re\u021binere este c\u0103 exist\u0103 persoane care au un nivel al empatiei foarte, foarte mic. Ele sunt de cele mai multe ori persoane aflate \u00een situa\u021bii excep\u021bionale de via\u021b\u0103, care au nevoie de un sprijin psihoterapeutic. \u00cenc\u0103 se fac cercet\u0103ri cu privire la aceste fenomene.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Am scris p\u00e2n\u0103 acum despre importan\u0163a pe care o au cuvintele, \u015fi articolele au fost – de\u015fi interesante – destul de lungi \u015fi stufoase. Mi-am zis c\u0103 este timpul pentru o schimbare de perspectiv\u0103 \u015fi m\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2sem ca urm\u0103torul articol \u2013 acesta \u2013 s\u0103 fie despre Batman! Dar cum pot s\u0103 scriu despre \u201eCavalerul \u00eentunecat\u201d … Continue reading Empatia – ceva ce cu to\u021bii putem face<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[2],"tags":[13,15,12,14],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nEmpatia - ceva ce cu to\u021bii putem face - Ozana Miron<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Empatia, capacitatea de a \u00een\u021belege tr\u0103irile celorlal\u021bi, este ceva pentru care suntem construi\u021bi. 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