{"id":169,"date":"2017-04-04T16:12:06","date_gmt":"2017-04-04T13:12:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ozananitulescu.ro\/blog\/?p=169"},"modified":"2020-02-13T17:35:54","modified_gmt":"2020-02-13T15:35:54","slug":"psihoterapia-de-grup","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ozanamiron.ro\/blog\/psihoterapia-de-grup\/","title":{"rendered":"Grupurile de dezvoltare \u0219i de terapie"},"content":{"rendered":"

De c\u00e2nd m\u0103 \u0219tiu sunt fascinat\u0103 de grupuri. C\u00e2nd eram mic\u0103 mi se p\u0103reau absolut fantastice g\u0103\u0219tile de copii din blocurile din jur, acum sunt plin\u0103 de admira\u021bie pentru grupurile de lucru \u00een care fiecare \u00ee\u0219i pune pasiunea \u0219i iscusin\u021bele pentru \u00eenf\u0103ptuirea unui scop comun. Dar grupurile care m\u0103 captiveaz\u0103 cel mai mult sunt cele de dezvoltare \u0219i de terapie, \u00een care scopul comun este crearea unei experien\u021be\u00a0care s\u0103 fie benefic\u0103 \u00eentr-un fel sau altul pentru fiecare participant (terapeutic, sau \u00een sensul dezvolt\u0103rii personale)<\/span>. Ofer\u0103 o mul\u021bime de posibilit\u0103\u021bi de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare \u0219i de a fi, \u0219i procesul de schimbare (curativ sau de dezvoltare) pe care \u00eel declan\u0219eaz\u0103 poate fi uneori mai intens \u0219i mai rapid \u00eentr-un grup fa\u021b\u0103 de cel dintr-o rela\u021bie individual\u0103. Nu cred \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 cele dou\u0103 modalit\u0103\u021bi de lucru pot fi substituite una alteia, ci c\u0103 ele se completeaz\u0103 reciproc (alegerea pentru o form\u0103 sau alta – sau pentru am\u00e2ndou\u0103 – fiind \u00een primul r\u00e2nd personal\u0103)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

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Am participat \u00een ultima vreme la mai multe grupuri grupuri de \u00eent\u00e2lnire, sau encounter groups, cum le spunea Rogers \u00een limba lui (un termen pe care, de altfel, el l-a folosit \u0219i popularizat)<\/span>. Aceste grupuri fac parte din categoria celor de dezvoltare personal\u0103, \u00een care participan\u021bii sunt persoane bine integrate, dar care trec prin perioade dificile, \u00eent\u00e2mpin\u0103 dificult\u0103\u021bi \u00een gestionarea emo\u021biilor, comportamentelor sau rela\u021biilor, sau care pur \u0219i simplu doresc s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 mai bine \u0219i s\u0103 g\u0103seasc\u0103 noi posibilit\u0103\u021bi de cre\u0219tere. Cele la care am participat eu au fost formate \u00een cea mai mare parte din\u00a0psihoterapeu\u021bi centra\u021bi pe persoan\u0103 (din punctul acesta de vedere apropiindu-se mai mult de grupurile de suport, \u00een care membrii se confrunt\u0103 cu probleme asem\u0103n\u0103toare)<\/span>, ceea ce a f\u0103cut ca nivelul de procesare a experien\u021bei s\u0103 fie unul profund \u0219i semnificativ, \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceput –\u00a0lucru care m-a ajutat s\u0103 \u00een\u021beleg mai u\u0219or \u0219i mai clar cum func\u021bionez eu \u00een astfel de contexte dar \u0219i ce au ele special, comparativ cu lucrul individual cu un psihoterapeut.<\/p>\n

De regul\u0103, \u00een grupurile de dezvoltare sau de terapie, oamenii vorbesc despre ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i \u0219i despre ce \u00eei preocup\u0103, dar \u0219i despre ce ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00eentre ei, \u00een timpul \u00eent\u00e2lnirilor de grup propriu-zise. Exist\u0103 \u0219i grupuri care se bazeaz\u0103 pe alte moduri de expresie – prin art\u0103, sau prin dans, de exemplu – dar chiar \u0219i acestea au de regul\u0103 o component\u0103 verbal\u0103. La fel ca \u0219i \u00een terapia individual\u0103, experien\u021bele personale sunt exprimate, \u00een\u021belese (empatic) \u0219i integrate. Se povestesc \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103ri, reac\u021bii, atitudini, sunt \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103\u0219ite g\u00e2nduri \u0219i emo\u021bii, sunt puse probleme morale, de alegere, de via\u021b\u0103. Oamenii pun \u00eentreb\u0103ri, ofer\u0103 inevitabil sfaturi \u0219i solu\u021bii (mai ales la \u00eenceput), sprijin \u0219i \u00een\u021belegere, fac schimb de perspective \u0219i de tr\u0103iri, reac\u021bioneaz\u0103 la comportamente \u0219i afirma\u021bii (uneori confruntativ), propun lucruri (de exemplu, la ultimul grup de \u00eent\u00e2lnire la care am participat cineva a propus ca o parte dintre noi s\u0103 se ridice \u00een picioare – eveniment care a declan\u0219at o multitudine de atitudini \u0219i tr\u0103iri, pe care apoi le-am exprimat \u0219i \u00een\u021beles din aproape tot at\u00e2tea perspective c\u00e2\u021bi eram prezen\u021bi)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u00cen afar\u0103 de schimburile concrete de informa\u021bii \u0219i tr\u0103iri, \u00een astfel de grupuri se lucreaz\u0103 foarte mult \u0219i pe proces. Adic\u0103 sunt observate, analizate, \u00een\u021belese, dezb\u0103tute, chestionate \u0219.a.m.d. felurile \u00een care se rela\u021bioneaz\u0103, evenimentele care se petrec \u00een grup, ritmul dialogului \u0219i profunzimea lui, rolurile pe care le au unele persoane, tiparele de comportament, modul \u00een care se dezvolt\u0103 grupul ca \u00eentreg (dinamica lui) etc. Lucru acesta se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u0219i \u00een rela\u021biile terapeutice individuale, \u00eens\u0103 \u00eentr-un grup este aproape inevitabil, \u0219i necesar, datorit\u0103 multitudinii de perspective \u0219i moduri de a fi.<\/p>\n

Din c\u00e2te m-am observat pe mine, mi-am schimbat foarte mult modul de participare \u0219i atitudinea \u00een \u0219i fa\u021b\u0103 de grup, de-a lungul timpului (\u00een ultimii zece ani, aproximativ)<\/span>. La \u00eenceput m\u0103 sim\u021beam mai degrab\u0103 intimidat\u0103 de mul\u021bimea de oameni str\u0103ini (chiar dac\u0103 asta \u00eensemna doar trei persoane, de exemplu)<\/span> fa\u021b\u0103 de care trebuia (sau a\u0219a m\u0103 a\u0219teptam, cel pu\u021bin)<\/span> s\u0103 m\u0103 deschid, \u0219i \u00een acela\u0219i timp \u00eemi doream tare mult s\u0103 pot face asta. Aveam foarte mare nevoie s\u0103 vorbesc despre mine, dar \u00eemi era greu s\u0103 deschid gura, a\u0219a c\u0103 ascultam cu aviditate ce spuneau ceilal\u021bi. Lucru nu tocmai u\u0219or, pentru c\u0103 eram ca un burete emo\u021bional, care absorbea ceea ce sim\u021beau ei \u0219i de cele mai multe ori eram cople\u0219it\u0103, sf\u00e2r\u0219ind prin a nu-i mai putea urm\u0103ri foarte bine. Am fost destul de mult timp \u00een pozi\u021bia aceasta, oscil\u00e2nd \u00eentre nevoia mea de exprimare \u0219i dorin\u021ba de a le fi al\u0103turi celorlal\u021bi (neput\u00e2nd \u00eens\u0103 face asta f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 le preiau emo\u021biile)<\/span>. Dezvoltarea personal\u0103 individual\u0103 a venit ca o gur\u0103 de aer proasp\u0103t, oferindu-mi posibilitatea de a m\u0103 concentra doar pe mine \u0219i ajut\u00e2ndu-m\u0103 s\u0103 nu m\u0103 mai las cople\u0219it\u0103 de propriile tr\u0103iri.<\/p>\n

Am revenit \u00een grup mai con\u0219tient\u0103 de propria mea persoan\u0103 \u0219i de locul \u0219i rolul meu \u00een el, sim\u021bindu-m\u0103 mai \u00een largul meu s\u0103 m\u0103 exprim \u0219i put\u00e2nd \u00een acela\u0219i timp nu doar s\u0103 ascult ceea ce spun ceilal\u021bi, dar s\u0103 le \u0219i r\u0103spund (starea de cople\u0219ire de p\u00e2n\u0103 atunci m\u0103 f\u0103cea uneori incapabil\u0103 s\u0103 spun m\u0103car c\u0103 am auzit ce au spus)<\/span>. Asta m-a ajutat s\u0103 fiu mai conectat\u0103 la ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 \u00eentr-un grup – nu doar la nivel de con\u021binut (informa\u021bii, g\u00e2nduri, emo\u021bii transmise, evenimente petrecute)<\/span> ci \u0219i la nivel de proces – \u0219i s\u0103 m\u0103 raportez mai u\u0219or \u0219i mai clar la toate acestea. Fiind mai con\u0219tient\u0103 \u0219i mai deschis\u0103 at\u00e2t fa\u021b\u0103 de ceilal\u021bi, c\u00e2t \u0219i fa\u021b\u0103 de mine, am putut s\u0103 descop\u0103r lucruri nea\u0219teptate despre mine, s\u0103 m\u0103 pot percepe \u0219i altfel dec\u00e2t obi\u0219nuiam s-o fac, s\u0103 m\u0103 \u00een\u021beleg mai bine \u0219i mai profund, s\u0103-mi dau seama cum m-am format \u0219i cum func\u021bionez ca persoan\u0103, cum arat\u0103 arhitectura mea interioar\u0103.<\/p>\n

Unele descoperiri au fost at\u00e2t de puternice \u00eenc\u00e2t am avut nevoie de mult timp s\u0103 le integrez – s\u0103-mi dau seama ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 ele pentru mine, cum se potrivesc cu celelalte lucruri care sunt eu, s\u0103 le accept \u0219i s\u0103 am compasiune fa\u021b\u0103 de ele (s\u0103-mi fie dragi \u0219i s\u0103 le \u00een\u021beleg rostul, fie c\u0103 \u00eemi erau sau nu necesare \u00een prezent)<\/span>. \u00cen unele cazuri, am f\u0103cut asta \u00een rela\u021bie unu-la-unu cu un terapeut, unde am putut s\u0103 m\u0103 desf\u0103\u0219or \u00een voie \u0219i s\u0103 lucrez concentrat \u0219i intens.<\/p>\n

La urm\u0103torul grup la care am participat apoi am putut s\u0103 aplic toate lucrurile pe care le-am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat, s\u0103 le exersez, s\u0103 le nuan\u021bez, s\u0103 le transpun de la nivelul abstract la care ajunsesem s\u0103 le procesez \u00een realitatea interac\u021biunii, \u00een concret.<\/p>\n

Simt nevoia de un exemplu acum. La unul dintre grupurile la care am participat acum vreo doi ani, m-a izbit faptul c\u0103\u00a0atunci c\u00e2nd exprimam ceva despre mine, eram ca un copil (mic) care e chemat atunci c\u00e2nd p\u0103rin\u021bii au musafiri ca s\u0103 spun\u0103 c\u00e2\u021bi ani are, o poezie, sau un c\u00e2ntecel. M\u0103 f\u00e2st\u00e2ceam, z\u00e2mbeam mult, ni\u021bel ru\u0219inat, \u00eemi c\u0103utam cuvintele, \u00eemi pierdeam ideile, m\u0103 \u00eenv\u00e2rteam \u00een cerc p\u00e2n\u0103 reu\u0219eam s\u0103 exprim ce c\u0103utam, \u0219i \u00een general, \u00eencercam s\u0103 m\u0103 ascund sau s\u0103 scap c\u00e2t mai u\u0219or, fiind totu\u0219i \u0219i bucuroas\u0103 c\u0103 sunt printre oamenii mari, cum ar veni. Dac\u0103 nu f\u0103ceam asta, eram cople\u0219it\u0103 de emo\u021bii \u0219i izbucneam \u00een pl\u00e2ns (de cele mai multe ori)<\/span>, \u00een efuziuni menite s\u0103 m\u0103 explice\/justifice, sau eram paralizat\u0103 de team\u0103 sau de neputin\u021b\u0103 (\u0219i m\u0103 opream mai mult sau mai pu\u021bin \u00een mijlocul frazei)<\/span>. \u00a0\u00cencercam \u00een general s\u0103 nu m\u0103 las cu totul \u00een seama emo\u021biilor, pentru c\u0103 era riscant. Dac\u0103 jignesc sau r\u0103nesc pe cineva prin ceea ce spun, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103-mi dau seama? Dac\u0103 lumea n-o s\u0103 m\u0103 mai plac\u0103 (a\u0219a, generic vorbind)<\/span>? Dac\u0103 o s\u0103 fiu eu jignit\u0103 sau r\u0103nit\u0103 de altcineva?<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd mi-am dat seama c\u0103 interac\u021bionez cu ceilal\u021bi \u00een felul acesta, am avut un mare \u0219oc. Pentru c\u0103 de\u0219i eram foarte \u201eeu\u201d f\u0103c\u00e2nd asta, neglijam f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 vreau o mare parte din mine. Partea care poate s\u0103 gre\u0219easc\u0103, s\u0103 deranjeze, s\u0103 nu fie pl\u0103cut\u0103, s\u0103 nu fie de acord, \u0219i \u00een acela\u0219i timp partea care se asum\u0103, care se exprim\u0103 deschis, care se ia \u00een serios \u0219i \u00eei ia \u0219i pe ceilal\u021bi \u00een serios, cu \u00eencredere \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 team\u0103. Am putut s\u0103 recunosc toate astea tocmai pentru c\u0103 \u00eentr-un anumit moment \u00een grup cineva a vorbit despre felul de a fi politicos \u0219i cald al rom\u00e2nilor (c\u00e2nd eu \u0219tiam foarte bine c\u0103 rom\u00e2nii nu sunt numai a\u0219a)<\/span>, leg\u00e2nd asta de propria identitate personal\u0103 \u0219i despre sentimentul lui de ne-apartenen\u021b\u0103 la o identitate na\u021bional\u0103 anume (deci nu ceva direct legat de lucrurile pe care le tr\u0103iam eu, dar foarte similar ca proces)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Am lucrat apoi individual (mai \u00eent\u00e2i singur\u0103, apoi cu un psihoterapeut)<\/span> ca s\u0103 aflu mai multe despre partea aceasta din mine pe care o neglijam \u0219i ca s\u0103 o las s\u0103 fie mai prezent\u0103, s\u0103 se dezvolte \u0219i s\u0103 nu se lase \u00een urm\u0103 doar prin for\u021ba obi\u0219nuin\u021bei, din iner\u021bie. La ultimul grup de \u00eent\u00e2lnire la care am participat am putut s\u0103 v\u0103d cam \u00een ce m\u0103sur\u0103 am reu\u0219it s\u0103 o actualizez, \u0219i am fost bucuroas\u0103 s\u0103 o observ manifest\u00e2ndu-se mai des \u0219i cu mai mult\u0103 u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103. Am mai constatat cu ocazia asta \u0219i c\u0103 nu am mai sim\u021bit nevoia s\u0103 vorbesc neap\u0103rat, c\u0103 emo\u021biile nu m-au mai cople\u0219it, \u0219i c\u0103 am putut s\u0103-i ascult \u0219i s\u0103-i urm\u0103resc mai \u00eendeaproape pe ceilal\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Uneori, s\u0103 interac\u021bionez ca un copil e exact cel mai potrivit \u0219i mai frumos lucru pe care \u00eel pot face. Dar s\u0103 interac\u021bionez mereu a\u0219a, s\u0103 nu am alt\u0103 variant\u0103, nu este ceva ce mi-a\u0219 dori. Unilateralitatea \u00een privin\u021ba felului de a fi \u0219i de a vedea lumea este unul dintre lucrurile care este, cred, cel mai provocat \u00een interac\u021biunile dintr-un grup de dezvoltare sau de terapie, chiar \u0219i numai prin prezen\u021ba mai multor persoane, cu perspective diferite. Mai sunt \u0219i altele care sunt puse sub semnul \u00eentreb\u0103rii, luate sub lup\u0103, la rost, sub arip\u0103… unele sunt confirmate, altele sunt exersate, altele se actualizeaz\u0103… Sunt multe feluri prin care un grup poate aduce o schimbare benefic\u0103. Yalom<\/a> de pild\u0103, un mare psihoterapeut cu o vast\u0103 experien\u021b\u0103 \u00een lucrul cu grupuri, identific\u0103 unsprezece factori terapeutici care pot ac\u021biona \u00eentr-un grup, \u00een diferite propor\u021bii, \u0219i care sunt complementari (inocularea speran\u021bei, universalitatea, transmiterea informa\u021biilor, altruismul, recapitularea corectiv\u0103 a grupului familial primar, dezvoltarea tehnicilor de socializare, comportamentul imitativ, \u00eenv\u0103\u021barea interpersonal\u0103, coeziunea grupului, catharsisul \u0219i factorii existen\u021biali)*<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Pentru fiecare grup \u0219i pentru fiecare persoan\u0103 ceea ce func\u021bioneaz\u0103 cel mai bine este diferit. Unii oameni pot s\u0103 nu g\u0103seasc\u0103 nimic potrivit pentru ei \u00een modul de lucru al unui grup, beneficiind cel mai mult de un proces individual, pe c\u00e2nd pentru al\u021bii e taman invers. Din punctul meu de vedere, cele dou\u0103 modalit\u0103\u021bi sunt \u00eens\u0103 complementare, pentru c\u0103 ceea ce \u00eenv\u0103\u021b \u00een \u0219i prin interac\u021biunea de grup se consolideaz\u0103 \u0219i integreaz\u0103 mai bine \u00een terapia individual\u0103, \u0219i vice-versa.<\/p>\n

Din toate motivele despre care am scris, grupurile de dezvoltare \u0219i de terapie mi se par absolut minunate! \u0218i poate pentru c\u0103 simt c\u0103 pe mine m-au ajutat foarte mult, \u0219i pentru c\u0103 pot acum s\u0103 fiu prezent\u0103 \u0219i activ\u0103 \u00eentr-un grup \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 mai am nevoie de el, \u00eemi doresc s\u0103 m\u0103 ocup mai mult de partea aceasta a profesiei mele, s\u0103 o practic mai des, inclusiv ca facilitator, \u0219i s\u0103 o dezvolt! M\u0103 ve\u021bi tot auzi, deci, de-acum \u00eencolo c\u0103\u00a0am mai fost la un grup de dezvoltare, sau c\u0103 pornesc eu \u00eens\u0103mi unul nou. De fiecare dat\u0103, o s\u0103 v\u0103 invit s\u0103 afla\u021bi mai multe despre asta, s\u0103 participa\u021bi, \u0219i s\u0103 v\u0103 l\u0103sa\u021bi surprin\u0219i! \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 un articol at\u00e2t de lung, \u00eenc\u0103 ni\u0219te chestii punctuale: exist\u0103 o mare diversitate de grupuri de terapie \u0219i de dezvoltare. Cele mai multe dintre ele sunt facilitate (exist\u0103 o persoan\u0103 sau mai multe, cu preg\u0103tire special\u0103, care d\u0103 tonul \u0219i are grij\u0103 ca grupurile respective s\u0103 fie c\u00e2t mai aproape de scopul lor) \u0219i \u00eenchise (odat\u0103 ce au \u00eenceput, nu mai pot intra noi membri). Num\u0103rul de participan\u021bi, durata, frecven\u021ba, tematica pot varia foarte mult, \u00eens\u0103 sunt de regul\u0103 anun\u021bate de la \u00eenceput.<\/p>\n

*\u00cen articol am pomenit de Irvin Yalom \u0219i de factorii curativi pe care el \u00eei nume\u0219te. I-am luat din cartea pe care a scris-o \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Molyn Leszcz intitulat\u0103 \u00een rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u201eTratat de psihoterapie de grup. Teorie \u0219i practic\u0103\u201d \u0219i ap\u0103rut\u0103 la Editura Trei \u00een 2008 (edi\u021bia a cincea). G\u0103si\u021bi factorii enumera\u021bi la pagina 22.<\/p>\n

Perspectiva pe care am prezentat-o \u00een articol se bazeaz\u0103 cu prec\u0103dere pe experien\u021ba personal\u0103, \u0219i nu este \u00een niciun caz exhaustiv\u0103.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eCum mai e\u0219ti?\u201d este un grup de dezvoltare personal\u0103 pe care \u00eel organizez \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 3 mai 2017. G\u0103si\u021bi mai multe detalii despre el \u0219i cum v\u0103 pute\u021bi \u00eenscrie\u00a0aici<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

De c\u00e2nd m\u0103 \u0219tiu sunt fascinat\u0103 de grupuri. C\u00e2nd eram mic\u0103 mi se p\u0103reau absolut fantastice g\u0103\u0219tile de copii din blocurile din jur, acum sunt plin\u0103 de admira\u021bie pentru grupurile de lucru \u00een care fiecare \u00ee\u0219i pune pasiunea \u0219i iscusin\u021bele pentru \u00eenf\u0103ptuirea unui scop comun. Dar grupurile care m\u0103 captiveaz\u0103 cel mai mult sunt cele … Continue reading Grupurile de dezvoltare \u0219i de terapie<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":170,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[2,47,32],"tags":[17,37,52,51,34,50,25,29],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nGrupurile de dezvoltare \u0219i de terapie - Ozana Miron<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Grupurile de dezvoltare \u0219i de terapie sunt complementare proceselor individuale \u0219i pot oferi noi perspective \u0219i posibilit\u0103\u021bi de a fi, uneori surprinz\u0103toare.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ozanamiron.ro\/blog\/psihoterapia-de-grup\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Grupurile de dezvoltare \u0219i de terapie - 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